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轻松记忆构词法

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发表于 2009-5-24 21:56:04 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
构词法是初中英语的重要内容之一。熟知构词法知识,能够快速记忆单词,扩大词汇量,还能在阅读中破译生词,提高阅读能力。英语构词法一般有合成法、派生法、转化法三种。其中的派生法———利用前缀或后缀与词根一起构造新词,是构词法的重点,也是英语测试的重点考查项目。然而,此法包含内容较多,同学们在记忆上有难度。所以,今天咱们就来个“一图定乾坤”———让你轻松记忆、灵活运用。

点拨一下吧:

一、名词变为形容词

1?表示“自然”、“天气”等方面的名词多加-y构成形容词,部分抽象名词或时间名词加-ly。如:sun—sun- ny,wind—windy,ice—icy,fog—foggy,health—healthy, noise—noisy,thirst—thirsty,fun—funny;friend—friendly, love—lovely,day—daily,week—weekly,month—month- ly,year—yearly

2.-ful表示“富有的”、“充满的”。如:care—careful, use—useful,help—helpful,thank—thankful,wonder— wonderful,beauty—beautiful,hope—hopeful

3.-en表示“由……构成的”。如:wool—woolen, wood—wooden

4.表示“国家”的名词多加-n或-ese。如:America— American,India—Indian,Canada—Canadian,China—Chi- nese,Japan—Japanese

5.-less表示“无;缺”。如:care—careless(粗心的), use—useless(无用的),help—helpless(无助的),hope— hopeless(无望的)

6.-ous表示“有……特点的”。如:danger—danger- ous,fame—famous

7.-ing表示“具有……”,一般可作表语或定语,主语一般为非“人”名词。如:interest—interesting

另外,方向名词一般加-ern构成形容词,如:south—southern,west— western,east—eastern

二、形容词变为名词

1?-ness表示“性质”、“状况”。如:ill—illness,kind—kindness,busy—business,happy— happiness

2.-y/-ty表示“状态”、“国家”。如:difficult—diffi- culty,safe—safety,German—Germany

3.-er表示“某类”人。如:foreign—foreigner

4.-th表示“形状”、“情况”。如:long—length,true— truth

特殊变化有:dead—death,different—difference,im- portant—importance

三、动词变为名词

1?一般加后缀er或or表示“……者”。如:write— writer,travel—traveller,speak—speaker,invent—inventor

2.-tion,如:invent—invention,operate—operation

3.-ing,如:build—building,teach—teaching

四、动词变化为形容词

1.-able,如:enjoy—enjoyable,change—changeable

2.原形动词加后缀-ed或-ing。如:surprise—sur- prising—surprised,worry—worrying—worried,develop— developing—developed,follow—following,close—closed

3.加前缀-a,多为表语形容词。如:sleep—asleep, wake—awake,live—alive

adj.变为动词,初中阶段很少见,仅举几例:

short—shorten(缩短),deep—deepen(加深), straight—straighten(v.弄直)

五、形容词变为副词

巧记其构成:一直接,二变y,三去e,四e变y。如: quick—quickly,angry—angrily,true—truly,possible—possibly

例外:good—well,fast—fast,hard—hard等


构词法习题\"集中练\"构词法规则\"常相伴\"做完以下四种“集中练”习题,相信大家定能从构词法的特点中得到启示,并积极运用到平时的语言知识识记中。

1?写出下列单词转化前后的中文意思。[转化法:由一个词类转化为另一个词类。如:water(n.)水——— water(v.)浇水]

(1)a.Don't draw on the wall.(v.)_____

b.The match is still in draw.(n.)_____

(2)a.He often uses the lift to go up and down.(n.)_____

b.Let's lift the box onto the bed.(v.)_____

(3)a.Open the door,please!(v.)_____

b.Keep the windows open,it's hot.(adj.)_____

(4)a.Will you please clean the room?(v.)_____

b.The air today is nice and clean.(adj.)_____

(5)a.It's very cold outside.(adj.)_____

b.He's got a bad cold.(n.)_____

(6)a.The people here are kind to us.(adj.)_____

b.This kind of fruit sells well.(n.)_____

(7)a.He left on a cold winter morning.(v.)_____

b.He uses his left hand a lot.(adj.)_____

(8)a.We often play football together.(v.)_____

b.That play will be puton again nextweek.(n.)_____

(9)a.Show me your question,please!(v.)_____

b.Many old things are on show now.(n.)_____

2.派生法构成词大演练。[派生法:通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。如:happy—unhappy(加前缀)— happiness(加后缀)]

(1)You look(worry)_____,what's happened?

(2)We can't leave the children by(they)_____.

(3)Two(visit)_____have just arrived,they are(America)_____.

(4)The ones in that corner are(cut)_____machines.

(5)The sun shines(bright)_____here every day.

(6)That sounds(interest)_____.I'm always(interest)_____in new films.

(7)The(travel)_____were(happy)_____because they had lost all their money.

(8)Atelephone is a very(use)_____(invent)_____.

(9)It's too(noise)_____behind my(build)_____,so I can hardly fall(sleep)_____.

(10)It's(real)_____cold here,you'd better put on your(wool)_____sweater.

(11)February is the(two)_____month of year,and I think it's the(bad)_____one.

(12)Did he listen(care)_____to you from(begin)_____to end?

(13)My uncle and aunt have lived in a village(call)_____Gum Tree all their(life)_____.

(14)Which programme is(enjoy)_____on TVnow?

(15)Don't play on the road.It's too(danger)_____.(safe)_____must come first.

(16)—Can you speak(France)_____?

—Yes,I've just spoken to some(France)_____from the(south)_____part of France.

3.按合成法特点,从B组中选出可与A组组成合成词的词并记忆。[合成法:由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如:water(水)+fall(落下)—watell(瀑布r.f.a)]

A:kilo sun home south no down moon week rain book loud hard glass take may break grand tooth my get

B:stairs work body cake coat seller light east end speaker topped away working fastchildren ache be selfmetre together

4.你是否对下列词语的缩略语形式耳熟能详?[次要的构词法:借助“截短法”、“缩短法”、“混合法”而形成的一些缩略词。如:the People's Republic of China—PRC]

(1)very important person_____

(2)the United States of America_____

(3)telephone_____(4)bicycle_____

(5)aeroplane_____(6)television_____

(7)cannot_____(8)photograph_____

(9)laboratory_____(10)popular_____

(11)kilogram_____(12)examination_____

(13)physical education_____

(14)will not_____(15)number_____

(16)mister_____

(17)breakfast and lunch_____

(18)mathematics_____(19)refrigerator_____

(20)zoological garden_____

(21)programme_____(22)adjective_____

(非本人作品,来源于网络,供参考。)
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